Temporal patterns in phytoplankton,zooplankton and fish composition,abundance and biomass in Shirati Bay,Lake Victoria,Tanzania

Shirati Bay is among the important breeding and nursery sites for major fish species in Lake Victoria. Weekly samplings were conducted to assess the temporal patterns in phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish composition, abundance and biomass in relation to prevailing water quality parameters. The study also determined the influences of plankton dynamics and water quality on the fish catch composition and biomass. It was hypothesized that temporal patterns in the composition, abundance and biomass in the plankton in the bay are controlled by water quality parameters that, in turn, affect the composition and biomass of fish catches. The phytoplankton comprised mainly cyanophytes and bacillariophytes, while the zooplankton were dominated by copepods. The heavy rain season exhibited a significantly higher plankton abundance and biomass than the dry season. The plankton abundances in both seasons exhibited significant positive correlations with water temperature and transparency. The phytoplankton community was controlled by calanoid and cyclopoid species. At higher trophic levels, Lates niloticus juveniles, Oreochromis niloticus juveniles and haplochromines controlled Cladocera and Cyclopoid copepods, while Tilapia rendalli juveniles controlled the Rotifera. This study revealed that Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta are the dominant phytoplankton, whereas cyclopoids dominate the zooplankton species in the bay. These dominant plankton groups are partly controlled by rainfall, water temperature and transparency. Fish biomass, zooplankton and phytoplankton exhibit a typical predator–prey inverse relationship. Thus, evaluation of the plankton composition, abundance and biomass should be mandatory during fisheries stock assessments to effectively manage the fishery resources in the bay.     

湿料低压成型制防水生物质型煤的研究

介绍了运用湿料低压成型工艺制备生物质型煤的工艺流程及研究过程,生产中研发了具有免烘干、防水、固硫三重功效的TX添加剂;阐述了层燃锅炉对煤质的要求、生物质型煤的配制及在锅炉上的运行操作情况;测试结果表明,湿料低压成型技术投资少、生产成本低,所制型煤燃烧效率高、环保效果好。     

生物质焦油裂解催化剂制备及其催化裂解性能

以萘为生物质焦油模型化合物 ,在以白云石为载体制备的 Ni基催化剂上进行了催化裂解实验研究 ,对催化剂的制备技术、活性、积炭失活性能和再生方式进行了实验分析。结果表明 :在 70 0℃的裂解温度、重量空速 0 .8L· h-1的反应条件下 ,萘的单程转化率可达 95 %,以饱和湿空气为再生气流 ,在程序升温的条件下烧碳 ,催化剂再生时间短 (<0 .5 h) ,与同温度的热裂解相比催化裂解更有利于萘的深度裂解 .     

生物质与煤共燃研究(Ⅱ)燃烧性质分析

对低温热解生物质和煤共燃的燃烧性质进行了研究。在热解温度300℃，热解时间30min下对三种生物质（锯屑、谷壳和花生壳）的热解产品、长焰煤、无烟煤、热解锯屑和长焰煤混样（1：10）、热解锯屑和无烟煤混样（1：10）七个样品的燃烧热重分析发现：热解生物质的燃烧性能相近，组成结构相似，主要分为挥发分释放燃烧阶段和焦炭燃烧阶段，分别位于30℃－400℃和400℃－500℃之间，其出现分别较煤的温度低；长焰煤与热解锯屑混燃可以有效地降低着火温度，而热解锯屑与无烟煤混燃时，由于燃烧性质差异较大，是分别燃烧，不产生协同效果；热解锯屑与长焰煤、无烟煤共燃能够有效地提高煤的着火性能，在总体燃烧性能上，虽然热解锯屑明显好于长焰煤和无烟煤，但混合后对其改变不大。     

生物质两段式富氧气化-燃气轮机燃烧集成发电系统模拟研究

为实现生物质能量的高效清洁利用，本研究基于两段式富氧气化系统改进燃气品质，并将获得的洁净高热值可燃气用于燃气轮机燃烧。通过Aspen Plus模拟研究分析了氧体积分数、气化温度对气化特性、燃机运行特性的影响，研究结果证实了生物质气化燃气在燃气轮机应用的可行性，并发现氧体积分数提高对改善生物质气化燃气品质及系统发电效率具有重要意义。两段式气化二次气化温度提高会引起气化效率及系统发电效率下降，因此气化温度需控制在合适范围。在满足生物质灰分完全熔融液化分离的前提下，气化温度可取较低值；两段式气化系统可选择氧体积分数为50%~60%时较佳。在氧体积分数60%、气化温度1 200 ℃时，生物质气化-燃气轮机集成发电系统发电效率（η_t）达最优，为34%，此时生物质可燃气低位热值（Q_LHV）为9.54 MJ/m³，两段式气化效率（η_CGE）为78.65%。     

基于logit模型的生物质供应链集成优化

针对农户的选择偏好,引入基于logit的离散计量分析模型,以研究秸秆收购价格、成本及政府补贴对农户生物质供应选择行为的影响。在此基础上,应用Stackelberg博弈模型对生物质供应链中加工厂、收集站和农户等不同利益主体之间的决策进行分析,确定了最优的生物质收购价格及收集站的服务半径。最后,通过算例分析验证了上述优化决策模型的有效性。研究表明,农户供应模式的选择与其对效用的敏感程度有关;政府实行补贴激励不仅能提高农户将秸秆直接送至加工厂的积极性,对加工厂和收集站的利益也有不同程度的提高。     

生物质裂解机理和模型(Ⅰ)——生物质裂解机理和工艺模式

综述了近50年来生物质热裂解的研究成果,就三种不同的裂解模式(快速、慢速和中速裂解),从裂解反应的化学机理出发,阐述了工艺条件对反应的影响,对生物质裂解进行了比较全面的回顾.     

A mathematical model of fluidized bed biomass gasification

A mathematical model of biomass gasification in a fluidized bed has been developed. It considers axial variations of concentrations and temperature in the bubble and emulsion phases. The mass balance involves instantaneous oxidation and equilibrium devolatilization of the biomass, kinetics of solid-gas gasification reactions as well as of gaseous phase reactions and interphase mass transfer and gas convection. The energy balance is solved locally for each vertical volume element, and globally on the reactor by iteration on the temperature at the bottom of the bed. Three parameters have been adjusted based on the experimental results: the heat transfer coefficient at the wall, the weighting of the kinetics of the water-gas shift reaction and the fraction of biomass carbon remaining as char after devolatilization. The model is used to simulate a pilot scale (50 kg/h) biomass gasifier, and its predictions compared to experimental measurements. The temperature and gaseous concentrations are estimated with good accuracy for the experiments using a wood feedstock, except for the concentration of hydrogen which is overestimated.     

基于CoFe2O4载氧体的生物质化学链气化反应特性

在热重分析仪和固定床反应器上对基于CoFe₂O₄载氧体的生物质化学链气化反应特性进行了研究，考察了载氧体与生物质质量比、水蒸气、反应温度对生物质化学链气化反应特性的影响，同时也对载氧体的循环反应性能进行了研究。通过XRD及SEM对新制备的和反应后的载氧体进行了表征。热重结果表明：CoFe₂O₄能够提供晶格氧，有效促进生物质气化。当CoFe₂O₄与生物质质量比为0.8，水蒸气体积分数为50%，温度为900 ℃时，气化反应效果最好。5次循环反应后，仍能获得较高品质的合成气，载氧体能够循环再生且未出现明显烧结团聚。